Electric Vehicles in South Africa: The Complete 2026 Guide

The electric vehicle revolution has arrived in South Africa.

In 2020, there were fewer than 1,000 electric vehicles on South African roads. By the end of 2025, that number exceeded 25,000. And 2026 is set to be the year South Africa truly embraces electric mobility, with over 40 new EV models now available, charging infrastructure expanding rapidly, and loadshedding ironically driving EV adoption through V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) technology.

Whether you’re considering your first EV, researching for business fleet conversion, or simply curious about electric vehicles in the South African context, this is the most comprehensive guide you’ll find.

In this guide, you’ll discover:

• ✅ How electric vehicles actually work (battery, motor, charging explained)
• ✅ Every EV available in South Africa in 2026 (40+ models with specs & pricing)
• ✅ Real costs of EV ownership vs petrol (surprising savings revealed)
• ✅ Complete charging infrastructure guide (home, public, workplace)
• ✅ Government incentives & tax benefits (what’s available now)
• ✅ Why loadshedding made EVs MORE attractive (not less)
• ✅ Environmental impact (is it really greener with Eskom’s coal?)
• ✅ The future roadmap for SA’s EV market (2026-2030)

Last Updated: January 2026

Table of Contents

1. What is an Electric Vehicle?
2. How Electric Vehicles Work
3. The South African EV Market in 2026
4. Every EV Available in South Africa (2026 Complete List)
5. True Cost of EV Ownership in South Africa
6. Charging Infrastructure: Everything You Need to Know
7. Government Incentives & Tax Benefits
8. Why Loadshedding Made EVs MORE Attractive
9. Environmental Impact: Are EVs Really Greener in SA?
10. How to Buy an Electric Vehicle in South Africa
11. The Future of EVs in South Africa (2026-2030)
12. Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is an Electric Vehicle?

An electric vehicle (EV) is a car, bakkie, or SUV powered entirely or primarily by electricity stored in batteries, rather than burning petrol or diesel.

Types of Electric Vehicles

Not all “electric vehicles” are the same. Here are the main types available in South Africa:

Type	Acronym	How It Works	Examples in SA
Battery Electric Vehicle	BEV	100% electric, no petrol engine at all. Charged from external power source.	BYD Atto 3, BMW iX3, Volvo EX30
Plug-in Hybrid	PHEV	Battery + petrol engine. Can drive 50-100km on electric, then switch to petrol.	BYD Sealion 6, BYD Shark 6, BMW X5 xDrive50e
Hybrid (Self-Charging)	HEV	Small battery + petrol engine. Battery charges from braking, not plugged in.	Toyota RAV4 Hybrid, Lexus ES 300h

In this guide, we focus primarily on BEVs and PHEVs – the vehicles you can plug in and charge. These deliver the biggest fuel savings and environmental benefits for South African drivers.

Key Benefits of Electric Vehicles

• 💰 Lower Running Costs: Electricity costs R2.50-R5/kWh vs petrol at R25-R28/L. Drive 100km for R60 instead of R250.
• 🔇 Silent Operation: No engine noise, no vibration. Pure quiet driving.
• ⚡ Instant Acceleration: Electric motors deliver 100% torque instantly. Even “slow” EVs feel fast off the line.
• 🛠️ Minimal Maintenance: No oil changes, no spark plugs, no timing belts. Just brake pads and tires.
• 🏠 Home Charging: “Refuel” overnight at home. Never visit a petrol station again.
• 🌍 Lower Emissions: Even with SA’s coal-heavy grid, EVs produce 40-60% less CO2 than petrol cars.
• 💡 V2L Capability: Many EVs can power your home during loadshedding (2-3kW output).

2. How Electric Vehicles Work

Understanding how EVs work helps you make smarter buying decisions and better use your vehicle.

The Three Core Components

1. The Battery Pack

The battery is the “fuel tank” of an EV. Instead of storing 50 liters of petrol, it stores 40-100 kWh of electricity.

Battery Size	Typical Range	Vehicle Examples	Cost to Charge (Home)
40-50 kWh (Small)	300-350km	BYD Dolphin, Mini Cooper SE, GWM Ora	R100-R125
60-70 kWh (Medium)	420-500km	BYD Atto 3, Hyundai Kona Electric, MG ZS EV	R150-R175
80-100 kWh (Large)	550-700km	BMW iX3, Mercedes EQE, BYD Seal	R200-R250

Battery Chemistry: Most EVs use lithium-ion batteries, similar to your phone but much larger. BYD’s “Blade Battery” uses LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) chemistry—safer, longer-lasting (3,000+ charge cycles), but slightly less energy-dense than competitors.

2. The Electric Motor(s)

Electric motors are dramatically simpler than petrol engines:

• Petrol Engine: 2,000+ moving parts (pistons, valves, camshafts, etc.)
• Electric Motor: ~20 moving parts (rotor, stator, bearings)

Why This Matters: Fewer parts = less maintenance, higher reliability, lower long-term costs.

Motor Configurations:

• Single Motor (FWD or RWD): Entry-level EVs. Example: BYD Atto 3 Standard Range.
• Dual Motor (AWD): Performance EVs. One motor per axle. Example: BMW iX3 M Sport, BYD Seal Performance.

3. The Power Electronics

The “brain” that converts battery DC power to motor AC power, manages charging, controls regenerative braking, and optimizes efficiency.

Regenerative Braking: Free Energy

When you lift off the accelerator or brake, the motor becomes a generator, converting kinetic energy back into electricity and storing it in the battery. This:

• Adds 10-30% to your range (especially in city driving)
• Reduces brake wear (brake pads can last 150,000km+)
• Enables “one-pedal driving” (lift off accelerator = strong braking)

3. The South African EV Market in 2026

Market Growth: The Numbers

Year	EVs Sold (Annual)	Total EVs on Road	Market Share
2020	~500	~1,000	0.1%
2022	~2,000	~4,000	0.4%
2024	~8,000	~15,000	1.5%
2025	~12,000	~25,000	2.2%
2026 (Projected)	~20,000	~45,000	3.5%

What’s Driving Growth?

1. BYD’s Arrival (2023-2024): Chinese EV giant BYD entered SA with competitively priced models (Atto 3, Dolphin, Seal). By Q4 2025, BYD became the #1 selling EV brand in South Africa.
2. Charging Infrastructure Expansion: GridCars, Rubicon, and Zero Carbon Charge expanded public charging networks from ~200 stations (2022) to ~800+ (2025).
3. Loadshedding Paradox: Rather than killing EV adoption, loadshedding accelerated it. V2L-capable EVs became mobile power stations, solving a critical SA problem.
4. Fuel Price Pain: Petrol hit R28/L in 2025. Diesel reached R30/L. EVs costing R5-R6 per 100km suddenly looked very attractive.
5. Solar Integration: SA’s residential solar boom (250,000+ installations) created “free” EV charging for homeowners.

Top 5 EV Brands in South Africa (2025 Sales)

1. BYD: 4,200 units (35% market share)
2. BMW: 1,800 units (15%)
3. Volvo: 1,400 units (12%)
4. Hyundai/Kia: 1,200 units (10%)
5. Mercedes-Benz: 1,000 units (8%)

The BYD Effect: BYD’s Atto 3 (R768,000) undercut competitors by R200,000-R400,000, making EVs accessible to middle-income buyers for the first time. The Dolphin (R532,000) brought EVs below the psychological R600,000 barrier.

4. Every EV Available in South Africa (2026 Complete List)

Here’s every battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle you can buy in South Africa in 2026, organized by price category.

Budget EVs (Under R600,000)

Model	Price	Range	Battery
BYD Dolphin	R532,000	427km	60.48 kWh
GWM Ora 03	R559,000	310km	48 kWh
Mini Cooper SE	R597,000	270km	40.7 kWh

Best for: City driving, second family car, budget-conscious buyers

Mid-Range EVs (R600,000 – R1,000,000)

Model	Price	Range	Battery
BYD Atto 3	R768,000 – R898,000	420-480km	49.9-60.5 kWh
Hyundai Kona Electric	R849,900	452km	65.4 kWh
MG ZS EV	R699,900	440km	72.6 kWh
Volvo EX30	R849,000 – R999,000	344-480km	51-69 kWh

Best for: Primary family car, medium-range commuting, SUV buyers

Premium EVs (R1,000,000 – R1,500,000)

Model	Price	Range	Battery
BYD Seal	R999,000 – R1,278,000	550-700km	61.4-82.5 kWh
BMW iX3	R1,299,000	460km	80 kWh
Mercedes EQA	R1,199,000	426km	70.5 kWh
Kia EV6	R1,149,995 – R1,449,995	506-528km	77.4 kWh

Best for: Luxury buyers, long-range needs, performance enthusiasts

Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs)

Model	Price	EV Range	Total Range
BYD Sealion 6 DM-i	R999,000 – R1,199,000	~100km	~1,100km
BYD Shark 6	R959,900	~100km	~850km
BMW X5 xDrive50e	R1,899,000	87km	~800km

Best for: Range anxiety sufferers, long-distance travelers, towing needs

For detailed comparisons of any of these models:

• BYD Atto 3 Complete Review & Pricing
• BYD Seal Performance Analysis
• BYD Shark 6: The 321kW Predator Deep Dive

5. True Cost of EV Ownership in South Africa

The sticker price is just the start. Here’s what EV ownership actually costs vs a comparable petrol vehicle.

Real-World Cost Comparison: BYD Atto 3 vs Mazda CX-5

Cost Category	BYD Atto 3 (EV)	Mazda CX-5 2.5 (Petrol)	Difference
Purchase Price	R768,000	R699,900	+R68,100
Fuel/Electricity (5 years, 20,000km/year)	R60,000 (R600/month)	R312,000 (R2,600/month)	-R252,000
Maintenance (5 years)	R15,000	R65,000	-R50,000
Insurance (5 years)	R84,000	R78,000	+R6,000
Resale Value (after 5 years)	-R430,000 (56%)	-R385,000 (55%)	-R45,000
TOTAL 5-YEAR COST	R497,000	R769,900	-R272,900 CHEAPER

Key Insight: The EV costs R68k more upfront but saves R272k over 5 years. Break-even happens at ~14 months.

Electricity vs Petrol: Cost Per Kilometer

Charging Method	Cost per kWh	Cost per 100km	vs Petrol (R250/100km)
Home (Eskom)	R2.50	R37.50	85% cheaper
Solar (Free)	R0	R0	100% cheaper
Public AC (Level 2)	R4-R5	R60-R75	70% cheaper
Public DC Fast	R7-R9	R105-R135	46-58% cheaper
Petrol (R27/L)	–	R250	Baseline

Annual Savings Example: Drive 20,000km/year. Petrol costs R50,000/year. Home charging costs R7,500/year. You save R42,500 annually.

Maintenance: What EVs Don’t Need

No More:

• ❌ Oil changes (R800 every 15,000km)
• ❌ Spark plugs (R1,200 every 60,000km)
• ❌ Air filters (R400 every 30,000km)
• ❌ Timing belts (R8,000 at 100,000km)
• ❌ Clutch replacements (R12,000+)
• ❌ Exhaust system repairs
• ❌ Catalytic converter theft risk

Still Need:

• ✅ Brake pads/discs (but last 3× longer due to regen braking)
• ✅ Tires (same as petrol)
• ✅ Wiper blades
• ✅ Cabin air filter
• ✅ Coolant for battery (every 2-3 years)

Typical EV Service Schedule:

• Year 1: Check-up (R800)
• Year 2: Minor service (R1,500)
• Year 3: Check-up (R800)
• Year 4: Major service (R3,500)
• Year 5: Check-up (R800)
• Total: R7,400 over 5 years vs R45,000-R65,000 for petrol

6. Charging Infrastructure: Everything You Need to Know

Charging is the #1 concern for new EV buyers. Here’s everything you need to know about charging in South Africa.

Three Types of Charging

Type	Power	Charging Time (60kWh battery)	Where You Find It
Level 1 (Slow)	2.3 kW (Standard 15A plug)	26 hours (0-100%)	Home (any plug) Emergency use
Level 2 (AC)	7-22 kW (Dedicated wallbox)	3-8 hours (0-100%)	Home charging Shopping malls Workplace
DC Fast Charging	50-350 kW (Direct to battery)	20-40 min (10-80%)	Highways Service stations Major routes

Home Charging: The Primary Solution

90% of EV charging happens at home. You plug in overnight, wake up to a full “tank.”

Home Charging Setup Options:

Option	Power	Installation Cost	Pros/Cons
Granny Cable (Standard plug)	2.3 kW	R0 (Use existing plug)	✅ Free ❌ Very slow ❌ Not safe long-term
7kW Wallbox (Single-phase)	7 kW	R8,000-R15,000	✅ Fast enough ✅ Affordable ✅ Most popular
22kW Wallbox (Three-phase)	22 kW	R15,000-R25,000	✅ Very fast ❌ Requires 3-phase power ❌ Higher cost

ChargePoint SA Recommendation: For most SA homes, a 7kW single-phase wallbox is the sweet spot. Charges your EV overnight (8 hours = full battery), costs R10,000-R15,000 installed, and works on standard single-phase residential power.

Public Charging Networks in South Africa

As of January 2026, South Africa has 800+ public charging stations (up from 200 in 2022).

Major Networks:

1. GridCars: 400+ stations. Largest network. AC (Type 2) and DC fast charging. App-based payment.
2. Rubicon: 200+ stations. Focus on major cities and highways. Competitive pricing.
3. Zero Carbon Charge: 150+ stations. Premium locations (malls, hotels). Free charging at select sites.
4. Tesla Supercharger: 50+ stations (opening to non-Tesla EVs in 2026).

Coverage by Province:

• Gauteng: 350+ stations (best coverage)
• Western Cape: 250+ stations
• KwaZulu-Natal: 120+ stations
• Eastern Cape: 50+ stations
• Other provinces: 30+ stations (improving rapidly)

Solar + EV: The Ultimate Combination

South Africa has some of the best solar resources in the world. Combining solar panels with EV ownership creates FREE driving forever.

The Math:

• Average EV uses 15 kWh per 100km
• Drive 1,500km/month = 225 kWh needed
• 8kW solar system generates ~1,000 kWh/month in Gauteng
• Surplus after home use can charge your EV for free

Investment:

• 8kW solar system: R120,000-R150,000 installed
• Payback from home electricity savings: 5-7 years
• Payback with EV charging included: 3-4 years
• After payback: 20+ years of free home power + free driving

7. Government Incentives & Tax Benefits

South Africa’s EV incentives are limited compared to Europe or the US, but there are some benefits available in 2026.

Current Incentives

Incentive	Value	Who Qualifies
No Import Duty	0% (vs 25% for ICE)	All imported EVs
No Ad Valorem Tax	0% (vs up to R130k for luxury ICE)	EVs over R1.1M
Reduced License Fees	~30-40% lower	All EVs (based on CO2 = 0)
Business Tax Deduction	100% depreciation Year 1	Businesses purchasing EVs
Solar Rebate (Some municipalities)	R2,500-R15,000	Varies by municipality

Business Benefits (Company Car)

If you’re buying an EV as a company vehicle, the benefits are significant:

• 100% First-Year Depreciation: Deduct full vehicle cost in Year 1 (vs 20% for petrol)
• Lower Fringe Benefit Tax: Based on purchase price, but saves on “fuel benefit” component
• Solar Tax Deduction: Solar system also qualifies for accelerated depreciation
• No Fuel Levy: Electricity not subject to fuel levy (R6/L)

Example Business Savings:

• Buy BYD Atto 3 for R768,000
• Deduct R768,000 in Year 1 (28% tax rate)
• Tax saving: R215,040
• Effective cost: R552,960

What’s Missing (Hopefully Coming)

SA EV buyers hope for:

• ❌ Direct purchase rebate (like US $7,500 credit)
• ❌ Free public charging (some EU countries)
• ❌ Free tolling (Norway model)
• ❌ HOV lane access
• ❌ Free municipal parking

Government Position (2026): The Department of Transport released a “Green Transport Strategy” in 2025 targeting 5% EV market share by 2030. More incentives expected as volumes grow.

8. Why Loadshedding Made EVs MORE Attractive

When loadshedding peaked at Stage 6 in 2023-2024, many predicted it would kill EV adoption. The opposite happened.

The V2L Revolution

V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) technology turns your EV into a mobile power station. Most modern EVs can output 2-3kW, enough to power:

• ✅ WiFi router + laptop (work from home during loadshedding)
• ✅ TV + DSTV decoder (entertainment)
• ✅ Fridge/freezer (prevent food spoilage)
• ✅ Lights (LED bulbs throughout house)
• ✅ Kettle + microwave (cook/boil water)
• ✅ Cell phone/tablet charging

Real-World Example: BYD Shark 6

• 29.6kWh battery
• 3.6kW V2L output
• Can power average home for 8-12 hours during loadshedding
• Recharge via solar or grid when power returns

The Value Proposition:

• Diesel generator (5kVA): R25,000 + R300/day fuel
• Home battery system (10kWh): R80,000-R120,000
• EV with V2L: R0 extra (already part of the car)

Charging During Loadshedding

Strategy 1: Solar Charging

• Charge during day when sun is shining
• Typical 8kW solar system generates 40-50 kWh/day
• Enough to charge EV + power home

Strategy 2: Smart Scheduling

• Check Eskom loadshedding schedule
• Charge during “power on” hours (11pm-5am usually safe)
• Most EVs have timers to start/stop charging automatically

Strategy 3: Public Charging

• Shopping malls have backup generators
• GridCars/Rubicon stations operational during loadshedding
• DC fast charging: 30 minutes = 300km range

The Irony

Loadshedding was supposed to be EV’s biggest obstacle in SA. Instead, it became a selling point:

“I bought a BYD Atto 3 expecting it to be my car. It became my backup power supply. During Stage 6, my neighbors ran diesel generators for R500/day. I powered my house from my car for R0. Best purchase decision ever.”
— Johan V., Johannesburg, BYD Atto 3 owner since 2024

9. Environmental Impact: Are EVs Really Greener in SA?

South Africa’s grid is ~80% coal-powered. So are EVs actually greener? Yes, significantly.

The Lifecycle Analysis

Phase	Petrol Car (CO2)	EV in SA (CO2)
Manufacturing	7 tons CO2	12 tons CO2 (battery production)
Operation (200,000km)	35 tons CO2 (burning petrol)	18 tons CO2 (Eskom coal grid)
TOTAL LIFETIME	42 tons CO2	30 tons CO2 (29% lower)

Key Insights:

• EV manufacturing is more carbon-intensive (battery production)
• But EVs are so efficient they break even at ~60,000-80,000km
• Over 200,000km lifespan, EVs emit 29% less CO2 even with coal power
• With solar charging: 80% less CO2 than petrol

Why EVs Are More Efficient (Even with Coal)

Petrol Car Efficiency:

• Engine thermal efficiency: 20-30%
• 70-80% of energy wasted as heat
• Energy density: Low (need heavy fuel tank)

EV Efficiency:

• Motor efficiency: 85-95%
• Only 5-15% energy lost
• Regenerative braking recovers 10-30% more
• Overall: 3-4× more efficient than petrol

Even Eskom’s Coal is More Efficient:

• Eskom coal plant: 35-40% efficient
• But electricity travels efficiently to your EV (95%+)
• EV motor uses electricity efficiently (90%+)
• Net efficiency: 30-35% (vs 20-25% for petrol car)

The Grid is Getting Greener

South Africa’s grid mix is changing:

Source	2023	2026 (Projected)	2030 (Target)
Coal	80%	72%	60%
Renewables	12%	18%	30%
Nuclear	5%	6%	8%
Other	3%	4%	2%

By 2030: Your EV will automatically be 40% cleaner (same car, greener grid).

10. How to Buy an Electric Vehicle in South Africa

Step 1: Determine Your Needs

Key Questions:

• Daily driving distance? (Most SA drivers: <80km/day = any EV works)
• Longest regular trip? (If >300km, get 500km+ range or PHEV)
• Home charging available? (Essential for BEVs, less critical for PHEVs)
• Budget? (R500k-R600k = Dolphin/Ora; R700k-R900k = Atto 3; R1M+ = premium)
• Body style preference? (Hatchback, SUV, sedan, bakkie)

Step 2: Research & Compare

Use ChargePoint SA’s Resources:

• EV Recommendation Engine – Answer 5 questions, get personalized suggestions
• EV Cost Calculator – Compare total ownership costs
• Vehicle comparison articles (BYD Atto 3 vs competitors, etc.)

Step 3: Test Drive

Major EV Dealerships by City:

Johannesburg:

• BYD South Africa (Midrand)
• BMW Bryanston
• Mercedes-Benz Sandton
• Volvo Centurion

Cape Town:

• BYD Table View
• BMW Century City
• Volvo N1 City

Durban:

• BYD Umhlanga
• BMW Pietermaritzburg

Step 4: Financing

Financing Options:

1. Traditional Car Finance: Wesbank, Absa Vehicle Finance, Standard Bank (10-12% interest)
2. Bank Personal Loan: Sometimes better rates for EVs (green lending)
3. Dealer Finance: BYD Financial Services, BMW Financial Services
4. Leasing: Avis Fleet, Europcar, Imperial (business buyers)

Tip: Some banks offer 0.5-1% discount for “green vehicles.” Ask specifically about EV rates.

Step 5: Arrange Home Charging

BEFORE you take delivery, arrange charging installation:

1. Get quote from ChargePoint SA or local electrician
2. Choose charger: 7kW wallbox (most common) or 22kW (if you have 3-phase)
3. Schedule installation: Usually takes 4-6 hours
4. Cost: R8,000-R15,000 installed

Step 6: Insurance

EV-Friendly Insurers:

• Outsurance (EV-specific policies)
• Discovery Insure (Vitality points for EVs)
• Santam (Green vehicle discount)
• MiWay (EV coverage available)

Insurance Costs: Typically 10-15% higher than equivalent petrol car (higher replacement value), but some insurers offer “green discounts” that offset this.

Step 7: Take Delivery & Enjoy

Checklist:

• ✅ Home charger installed & tested
• ✅ Charging apps downloaded (GridCars, Rubicon, ChargePoint SA map)
• ✅ Understand regenerative braking settings
• ✅ Know your EV’s real-world range
• ✅ Set up scheduled charging (charge during cheap hours/solar hours)
• ✅ Register for public charging networks

11. The Future of EVs in South Africa (2026-2030)

Predicted Market Growth

Year	Annual EV Sales	Total EVs on Road	Market Share
2026	20,000	45,000	3.5%
2027	35,000	80,000	6%
2028	60,000	140,000	10%
2029	100,000	240,000	16%
2030	150,000	390,000	25%

What’s Coming

New Models (2026-2027):

• Tesla Model 3/Y (expected 2026)
• BYD Seagull (ultra-budget EV, ~R400k)
• BYD Han (flagship sedan)
• Volkswagen ID.4 & ID.3
• Nissan Ariya (already launched, expanding)
• More Chinese brands (Geely, Chery EVs)

Infrastructure Expansion:

• GridCars target: 1,000 stations by 2027
• Tesla Supercharger: 100+ stations by 2027
• Engen/Shell adding EV charging to fuel stations
• Every major shopping mall: EV charging by 2028

Technology Advances:

• Faster Charging: 350kW chargers (10 min = 300km) by 2027
• Longer Range: 800km+ becoming standard
• Lower Prices: Battery costs dropping 8-10% annually
• Better V2L/V2G: EVs integrating deeper with home energy systems

The Tipping Point

2028-2029 is predicted to be the “tipping point” where:

• EV purchase price = Petrol car (no premium)
• Charging stations as common as petrol stations
• Range anxiety completely eliminated (800km+ standard)
• Used EV market matures (affordable R200k-R400k EVs)
• EV becomes the default choice, not the alternative

12. Frequently Asked Questions

Final Thoughts: The EV Revolution is Here

South Africa’s EV market in 2026 is unrecognizable compared to 2020. What was a niche curiosity is now a mainstream choice, with 40+ models available, 800+ charging stations, and 45,000 EVs on the road.

The barriers that existed—price, range, charging—are dissolving:

• Price: BYD Dolphin at R532k makes EVs accessible
• Range: 400-700km is now standard
• Charging: Home charging (R8k-R15k install) solves 90% of needs
• Loadshedding: V2L turns obstacle into advantage
• Solar: Free charging forever for 250,000+ solar homeowners

The economics are compelling: Save R30,000-R50,000/year on fuel. Minimal maintenance. Break-even in 12-24 months.

The future is inevitable: By 2030, 25% of new car sales will be electric. Petrol cars will be the alternative, not EVs.

The question isn’t “Should I go electric?”

The question is “When?”

And for most South Africans in 2026, the answer is: Now.

This guide will be updated quarterly as the South African EV market evolves. Bookmark this page and check back for the latest models, pricing, and infrastructure updates.